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You may choose one of two containers to use in your projects. Note that, due to padding and more, neither container is nestable. Bootstrap includes a responsive, mobile first fluid grid system that appropriately scales up to 12 columns as the device or viewport size increases.

It includes predefined classes for easy layout options, as well as powerful mixins for generating more semantic layouts.

Grid systems are used for creating page layouts through a series of rows and columns that house your content. Here's how the Bootstrap grid system works:. We use the following media queries in our Less files to create the key breakpoints in our grid system. We occasionally expand on these media queries to include a max-width to limit CSS to a narrower set of devices.

Using a single set of. Place grid columns in any. Turn any fixed-width grid layout into a full-width layout by changing your outermost. Don't want your columns to simply stack in smaller devices? Use the extra small and medium device grid classes by adding. See the example below for a better idea of how it all works. Build on the previous example by creating even more dynamic and powerful layouts with tablet.

If more than 12 columns are placed within a single row, each group of extra columns will, as one unit, wrap onto a new line. With the four tiers of grids available you're bound to run into issues where, at certain breakpoints, your columns don't clear quite right as one is taller than the other.

To fix that, use a combination of a. In addition to column clearing at responsive breakpoints, you may need to reset offsets, pushes, or pulls. See this in action in the grid example. Move columns to the right using. For example,. To nest your content with the default grid, add a new. Nested rows should include a set of columns that add up to 12 or fewer it is not required that you use all 12 available columns. Easily change the order of our built-in grid columns with. In addition to prebuilt grid classes for fast layouts, Bootstrap includes Less variables and mixins for quickly generating your own simple, semantic layouts.

Variables determine the number of columns, the gutter width, and the media query point at which to begin floating columns. We use these to generate the predefined grid classes documented above, as well as for the custom mixins listed below. Mixins are used in conjunction with the grid variables to generate semantic CSS for individual grid columns.

You can modify the variables to your own custom values, or just use the mixins with their default values. Here's an example of using the default settings to create a two-column layout with a gap between. Bootstrap's global default font-size is 14px , with a line-height of 1. Nullam quis risus eget urna mollis ornare vel eu leo.

Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Nullam id dolor id nibh ultricies vehicula. Donec ullamcorper nulla non metus auctor fringilla. Duis mollis, est non commodo luctus, nisi erat porttitor ligula, eget lacinia odio sem nec elit. Maecenas sed diam eget risus varius blandit sit amet non magna. Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus. Vivamus sagittis lacus vel augue laoreet rutrum faucibus dolor auctor.

Duis mollis, est non commodo luctus. The typographic scale is based on two Less variables in variables. The first is the base font-size used throughout and the second is the base line-height. We use those variables and some simple math to create the margins, paddings, and line-heights of all our type and more. Customize them and Bootstrap adapts.

You may alternatively use an inline element with. Abbreviations with a title attribute have a light dotted bottom border and a help cursor on hover, providing additional context on hover and to users of assistive technologies. HTML is the best thing since sliced bread. Present contact information for the nearest ancestor or the entire body of work. Remove the default list-style and left margin on list items immediate children only. This only applies to immediate children list items , meaning you will need to add the class for any nested lists as well.

Place all list items on a single line with display: inline-block; and some light padding. Horizontal description lists will truncate terms that are too long to fit in the left column with text-overflow.

In narrower viewports, they will change to the default stacked layout. Be sure to escape any angle brackets in the code for proper rendering. You may optionally add the. For basic styling—light padding and only horizontal dividers—add the base class. It may seem super redundant, but given the widespread use of tables for other plugins like calendars and date pickers, we've opted to isolate our custom table styles.

Striped tables are styled via the :nth-child CSS selector, which is not available in Internet Explorer 8. Using color to add meaning to a table row or individual cell only provides a visual indication, which will not be conveyed to users of assistive technologies — such as screen readers.

Create responsive tables by wrapping any. When viewing on anything larger than px wide, you will not see any difference in these tables. Responsive tables make use of overflow-y: hidden , which clips off any content that goes beyond the bottom or top edges of the table. In particular, this can clip off dropdown menus and other third-party widgets.

Firefox has some awkward fieldset styling involving width that interferes with the responsive table. This cannot be overriden without a Firefox-specific hack that we don't provide in Bootstrap:.

For more information, read this Stack Overflow answer. Individual form controls automatically receive some global styling. Wrap labels and controls in. Do not mix form groups directly with input groups. Instead, nest the input group inside of the form group. This only applies to forms within viewports that are at least px wide.

Within inline forms, we reset that to width: auto; so multiple controls can reside on the same line. Depending on your layout, additional custom widths may be required. Screen readers will have trouble with your forms if you don't include a label for every input.

For these inline forms, you can hide the labels using the. There are further alternative methods of providing a label for assistive technologies, such as the aria-label , aria-labelledby or title attribute. If none of these is present, screen readers may resort to using the placeholder attribute, if present, but note that use of placeholder as a replacement for other labelling methods is not advised. Use Bootstrap's predefined grid classes to align labels and groups of form controls in a horizontal layout by adding.

Doing so changes. Most common form control, text-based input fields. Includes support for all HTML5 types: text , password , datetime , datetime-local , date , month , time , week , number , email , url , search , tel , and color. Form control which supports multiple lines of text. Change rows attribute as necessary. Checkboxes are for selecting one or several options in a list, while radios are for selecting one option from many.

Use the. Currently only works on non-inline checkboxes and radios. Remember to still provide some form of label for assistive technologies for instance, using aria-label. Note that many native select menus—namely in Safari and Chrome—have rounded corners that cannot be modified via border-radius properties. When you need to place plain text next to a form label within a form, use the. We remove the default outline styles on some form controls and apply a box-shadow in its place for :focus.

The above example input uses custom styles in our documentation to demonstrate the :focus state on a. Add the disabled boolean attribute on an input to prevent user interactions. Disabled inputs appear lighter and add a not-allowed cursor. As noted in the section about disabled state for buttons and specifically in the sub-section for anchor elements , this CSS property is not yet standardized and isn't fully supported in Opera 18 and below, or in Internet Explorer 11, and won't prevent keyboard users from being able to focus or activate these links.

So to be safe, use custom JavaScript to disable such links. Use custom JavaScript to disable the fieldset in these browsers. Add the readonly boolean attribute on an input to prevent modification of the input's value. Read-only inputs appear lighter just like disabled inputs , but retain the standard cursor. Help text should be explicitly associated with the form control it relates to using the aria-describedby attribute. This will ensure that assistive technologies — such as screen readers — will announce this help text when the user focuses or enters the control.

Bootstrap includes validation styles for error, warning, and success states on form controls. To use, add. Using these validation styles to denote the state of a form control only provides a visual, color-based indication, which will not be conveyed to users of assistive technologies - such as screen readers - or to colorblind users.

Ensure that an alternative indication of state is also provided. You can also add optional feedback icons with the addition of. Manual positioning of feedback icons is required for inputs without a label and for input groups with an add-on on the right. You are strongly encouraged to provide labels for all inputs for accessibility reasons. If you wish to prevent labels from being displayed, hide them with the.

If you must do without labels, adjust the top value of the feedback icon. For input groups, adjust the right value to an appropriate pixel value depending on the width of your addon.

To ensure that assistive technologies — such as screen readers — correctly convey the meaning of an icon, additional hidden text should be included with the. If you use the. Set heights using classes like. Quickly size labels and form controls within. Using color to add meaning to a button only provides a visual indication, which will not be conveyed to users of assistive technologies — such as screen readers.

Ensure that information denoted by the color is either obvious from the content itself the visible text of the button , or is included through alternative means, such as additional text hidden with the.

Fancy larger or smaller buttons? Large button Large button. Default button Default button. Small button Small button. Extra small button Extra small button. Create block level buttons—those that span the full width of a parent— by adding. Buttons will appear pressed with a darker background, darker border, and inset shadow when active. However, you may use.

No need to add :active as it's a pseudo-class, but if you need to force the same appearance, go ahead and add. Primary button Button. Primary link Link. We use. In addition, even in browsers that do support pointer-events: none , keyboard navigation remains unaffected, meaning that sighted keyboard users and users of assistive technologies will still be able to activate these links.

Images in Bootstrap 3 can be made responsive-friendly via the addition of the. To center images which use the. See the helper classes section for more details about. Bootstrap doesn't apply this automatically as it causes complications to other image formats. Convey meaning through color with a handful of emphasis utility classes. These may also be applied to links and will darken on hover just like our default link styles.

Sometimes emphasis classes cannot be applied due to the specificity of another selector. Using color to add meaning only provides a visual indication, which will not be conveyed to users of assistive technologies — such as screen readers. Similar to the contextual text color classes, easily set the background of an element to any contextual class. Anchor components will darken on hover, just like the text classes. Sometimes contextual background classes cannot be applied due to the specificity of another selector.

As with contextual colors , ensure that any meaning conveyed through color is also conveyed in a format that is not purely presentational. Use carets to indicate dropdown functionality and direction. Note that the default caret will reverse automatically in dropup menus. Float an element to the left or right with a class. Classes can also be used as mixins.

To align components in navbars with utility classes, use. See the navbar docs for details. Set an element to display: block and center via margin. Available as a mixin and class. Easily clear float s by adding. Utilizes the micro clearfix as popularized by Nicolas Gallagher.

Can also be used as a mixin. Force an element to be shown or hidden including for screen readers with the use of. These classes use!

They are only available for block level toggling. They can also be used as mixins. Hide an element to all devices except screen readers with. Necessary for following accessibility best practices. Can also be used as mixins. Utilize the. For faster mobile-friendly development, use these utility classes for showing and hiding content by device via media query. Also included are utility classes for toggling content when printed.

Try to use these on a limited basis and avoid creating entirely different versions of the same site. Instead, use them to complement each device's presentation.

Use a single or combination of the available classes for toggling content across viewport breakpoints. As of v3. So, for extra small xs screens for example, the available. The classes. They are approximately equivalent to. The class. It is approximately equivalent to. Here, green checkmarks also indicate the element is hidden in your current viewport. Bootstrap's CSS is built on Less, a preprocessor with additional functionality like variables, mixins, and functions for compiling CSS. Those looking to use the source Less files instead of our compiled CSS files can make use of the numerous variables and mixins we use throughout the framework.

Bootstrap can be used in at least two ways: with the compiled CSS or with the source Less files. To compile the Less files, consult the Getting Started section for how to setup your development environment to run the necessary commands. Third party compilation tools may work with Bootstrap, but they are not supported by our core team. Variables are used throughout the entire project as a way to centralize and share commonly used values like colors, spacing, or font stacks.

For a complete breakdown, please see the Customizer. Easily make use of two color schemes: grayscale and semantic. Grayscale colors provide quick access to commonly used shades of black while semantic include various colors assigned to meaningful contextual values. Use any of these color variables as they are or reassign them to more meaningful variables for your project. Note that the link-hover-color uses a function, another awesome tool from Less, to automagically create the right hover color.

You can use darken , lighten , saturate , and desaturate. NET Container Images". Running "dotnet build" will generate dll instead of binary on macOS. This is a planned change to not use the AppHost by default on macOS because of notarization requirements. If you want to opt into using the AppHost, please use following:. Skip to content.

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